User’s Guide

Quick Reference Guide

BREAKING DOWN THE MANUAL

The User’s guide for the CS Drainage Studio software contains two volumes. The User’s Guide should provide enough information to teach the basic skills necessary to effectively use the software. While the User’s Guide is comprehensive, any further advanced or specific questions can be addressed to Civil Solutions.

The two volumes of the User’s Guide:

1. Getting Started
2. Tutorials and Appendix

If you are new to CS Drainage Studio, please review "Volume I, Getting Started", in its entirety before using the software. This volume provides the minimum working knowledge required to install, setup, and use the basic features of the software.

If you are an experienced user of CS Drainage Studio (the ICHH-16 software name was used during the development of the program), please review this manual to learn more about the latest features added to the program and how to update files created with previous versions of the software.

Volume II, Tutorials, offers tutorial lessons on the full range of the software’s capabilities and use. Volume II contains sample projects that are presented using real world design situations. The user is shown step by step instructions using CS Drainage Studio to perform the analysis of drainage systems.

GETTING ASSISTANCE

If at any time during setup, navigation, or operation of CS Drainage Studio, you have questions, there are several resources for additional information and assistance. They include the manual index, the Help file, and direct assistance from Civil Solutions.

From within the software:

1. Click Help Þ Contents Help or
2. F1 for context sensitive help

A comprehensive context sensitive Help file is provided with the standard installation of the CS Drainage Studio software. Shown above is the main help window. If you are not familiar with using WINDOWSÔ Help file systems consult your WINDOWSÔ user manuals for additional information on using help files

CONTACTING CESI

1. Civil Engineering Solutions, Inc., 1325 Howe Avenue Suite 202, Sacramento, CA 95825
2. mailto:support@civilsolutions.com

GETTING STARTED

In order to take full advantage of CS DRAINAGE STUDIO, it is important to correctly install it on computers that meet the minimum system requirements. To run CS DRAINAGE STUDIO, you should have at least a 486/66 microprocessor, 16 megabytes (MB) of memory and 10 megabytes of hard disk space. When using CS DRAINAGE STUDIO to analyze complex systems, including parallel flow paths and diversions, the software should only be installed on computers with processor speeds in excess of 150 MHz. Read ahead for installation information on individual and networked computers.

To install CS DRAINAGE STUDIO in WINDOWS 98, 95 and NT Workstation 4.0

Install CS DRAINAGE STUDIO on a Network

Network installations require a special licensing of the software for multiple users.

Note: If your software does not say "Network Version" or contain a "Netsetup" directory on the installation disk, we don’t recommend that you attempt a server based installation.

For server based installations, follow the special installation procedure provided for the server computer and the workstations. Special installation instructions are provided with network versions. Further assistance can be found through your network administrator or with WindowsÔ support.

Registration will allow you to be notified of future product updates, and download availability for extended help, tutorial lessons, and software updates.

To become registered at Civil Solutions, simply fill out your registration card enclosed with the software and send it to:

Attn. CSDS Registration

Civil Solutions

1325 Howe Avenue, Suite 202

Sacramento, CA 95825

USING YOUR APPLICATION

The following identifies the features of each of the icon buttons:

Open File Menu 
File  Open Project   


The Open File button performs the same task as the FileOpen menu sequence. This button will bring up the “Open File” dialogue box from which you choose the file from a list. 

If you select a file while a different project is open, the current project information will be replaced by the information contained in the selected file.

Save File Menu
File  Save As Project   

The Save Project button will bring up the “Save File As” dialogue box. You then may type in the name of the file, and directory location that you want the file to be stored as. The menu option File  Save Project saves the project with its current name.

Print Menu
File Print   

The Print Results Report button performs the same task as the FilePrint menu sequence.


       


Edit Jurisdiction Information Menu

Edit  Jurisdiction Files       



The Edit Jurisdiction Information button performs the same task as the EditJurisdiction File menu sequence. This button will show the Jurisdiction File Editor. Within the editor, you change jurisdiction files, edit the current jurisdiction settings (hydrology settings) and save your jurisdiction settings to a file for use on another project. Civil Solutions provides a database of currents jurisdiction files with your software installation. A complete current database is available for download at www.civilsolutions.com. 

Manning Calculator Menu
Tools  Manning Calculator        

       

The Manning Calculator button performs the same task as the ToolsManning Calculator menu sequence. This button will display the Manning Calculator utility, which is included with the standard installation of this software.


Backwater Calculator Menu
Tools  Backwater Calculator      

       

The Backwater Calculator button performs the same task as the ToolsBackwater Calculator menu sequence. This button will display the Backwater Calculator utility, which is included with the standard installation of this software.

Sort Menu
Tools  Sort       

The Sort button performs the same task as the ToolsSort menu sequence. This button will perform a pre-calculation sort, and display the results of the sort on the Results-Outline page. You do not have to input nodes and conveyances in any particular order. The program will automatically arrange the order you have them connected. Also, the sort function performs several pre-calculation tests of the input to verify that adequate information has been provided. If errors are found, information is displayed on the Error List page of the Input Form.

Full Re-calculation Menu

TUTORIAL 1 - BASIC DATA INPUT

Now that the initial software features have been explained, This section will demonstrate the use of CS DRAINAGE STUDIO in a real world design situation. Tutorials one and two have been designed to take you step-by-step through the process of inputting a simple street drainage system, to viewing your pipe network, and finally to interpreting your calculated results.

Note: All tutorials are provided to show the user typical methods of data input. The software requires the user to use their own “engineering judgment” in determining the correct methods to be used for each project.

Tutorial 1 (30 Minutes)


QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

The first tutorial consists of a local street collection system which outlets into an open channel. Inputting and running the analysis for the simple drainage system diagrammed below will teach you the basics of inputting data. The same methods are used for large drainage systems, and with practice you will get much faster at inputting the data and interpreting the results. 

In the street sections diagram, nodes are represented by manholes and drainage inlet symbols and the conveyances connecting them are represented by pipes. Each node is given a set of values to be input in the program. The descriptive values for the pipes are the length and size given in boats and above the pipe. The value in the boat is the pipe diameter in inches, while the number above is the length of the pipe in feet. Although each node is numbered, the order in which you enter them into the program is irrelevant. 

The Organize command will order the nodes automatically according to the connections described in the input conveyance data. This topic will be explored in the tutorial after you have inserted all the data for nodes and conveyances.

Starting a New Project

6 Open CS Drainage Studio

7 From the File Menu, click  New Project

8 Adjust the spreadsheets to fit your screen or preference. These settings will automatically be recalled when you subsequently open the program.

9 From the Edit Menu, click  Edit Jurisdiction Files 
(or click on the flag icon in the Toolbar)
10 Once in the Jurisdiction File Editor, move to File and Click  Open
(or click on the open file icon in the editor)


11 From the Open Jurisdiction File window,

choose the Jurisdiction File “SACC100.JUR”. This is the Jurisdiction File for the Sacramento Charts Method 10-year storm event. Double click on the file name, or click the OK button. 

Click on the X icon to exit from the jurisdiction editor. Your jurisdiction file choice will be saved with the current project.

Now you are ready to begin inputting data into the spreadsheets.

7. Inputting Node Information

Beginning with the “Nodes” Input Sheet, click on the NODES tab.

You may notice that two nodes are already listed. This is the default setting for new projects. Since the street section has a total of five nodes, you will need to add three more. This can be accomplished by clicking on the Add Node icon three times, each click corresponding to the addition of one node. After adding three nodes, the spreadsheet will appear like the following figure:

Now that you have made five nodes for your project, you will input the data from the diagram into the parameters for each node. Move your cursor to any cell in the first row and double click. This will bring up the Add/Edit a Node Element window.



The tab page Physical Data, which should be highlighted by default, is where you should start inputting your data (you may move in this environment with the mouse arrow or the tab key). For clarity, this manual will input the data according to the numbers at each node (i.e. node 1 will have the corresponding node with number 1 from the diagram). 

According to the street diagram, number 1 is a drain inlet. Click on Node Name and type “Inlet 1” for the name. Choosing a name is arbitrary, but select a name significant for the node and corresponding to the diagram. Each node is required to have a unique name.

Now click on Node Type and select drain inlet.

You may notice that the column of elevations and coordinates on the left are not editable. Their function will be discussed in Volume II and used in the Volume V tutorials. For now, move on to the General Data tab page and type in the value of 212.32 for the Rim/Grate Elevation.

You can leave the rest of the page blank or input notes, etc… in the appropriate blanks. Those topics will be covered in Volume II.

The Loss Parameter tab is an advanced topic, which will also be covered later. For now, move on to the Contributing Flow tab.



Click on the Add Areas button. This is where you will input the Contributing Flow to node 1. 

Scroll down to the residential land uses in the Contributing Area Type list box, and click on the 4-6 Du/Acre land use type, as indicates on the tutorial diagram.



Add Type in the amount of contributing flow area (1.0 Acre), and click the button. This will return you to the Add/Edit a Node Element window.



The Sacramento Charts Method is not a Response Time dependent hydrological method. For this method unit flows are computed based on total contributing area and land use type. If you were using a response time dependent hydrological method you would input the inlet response time (reported as 10 minutes in the tutorial diagram) in one of the three response time windows shown above. For this tutorial, type 10 minutes response time under Sheet Flow Time for Inlet 1. 

All the essential node information has now been entered into the program. The next tab Flow Diversion, is an advanced subject discussed in Volume Two
Click on the save (green plus) icon to add the information to your spreadsheet. If you had pressed the exit without saving (red X) icon the editor would close without updating the data you had just entered.

After clicking on the plus, you return to the main window. The information in the row “node 1” has now been changed to the values you entered.

Continue to add the rest of the nodes, two through five, in exactly the same manner.

The Node spreadsheet should appear as below when you have finished.

Now that the nodes have been properly inputted, let’s move on to conveyances by clicking on the CONVEY’S tab.

From the diagram four pipes segments will be needed. Accordingly, you will need four conveyances. Click on the Add Conveyances icon three 
times for three new conveyances to be added (since one exists as the default, only three additional are necessary).

You may notice that two node names are printed in the row next to Convey 1. This simply means that inlet 1 is connected to manhole 1. That is the case according to our diagram, but if it wasn’t, simply edit the conveyance to make the correct connection.

First, double click on the first row of the table, Convey 1.

In the Add/Edit Conveyance Facility Parameters window you can change the name and information for the pipes. Clicking and scrolling on upstream and downstream node buttons permits you to choose which nodes will be attached by the conveyance (pipe). Pressing the Reset button will automatically change the name of the conveyance to reflect the two end nodes (i.e. Node 1 to Node 2. The nodes are set properly so move on to the Section tab.

According to the street diagram, the diameter of the pipe is twelve inches.

The Conveyance Type at the top of the current window is selected as pipe. Scrolling down this block will permit you to use different channel types (covered in Tutorial 2).

Moving to the Profile tab, you will encounter a blank graph.

Click on Add/Edit Profile to bring up the Profile Editing Form.

Click on the Add button and the Profile Station Editor will appear where you can input the length of the pipe and the invert elevation at each node.

Input the flow elevation as defined for each node in the diagram. Always input a 0 for the upstream station and the length of the pipe at the downstream station. For each pipe, you will have at least two stations, the origin and the termination. According to the diagram, the pipe length is nine feet. Your profile should match the one below when you have completed entering the pipe information:



Press the Exit button to go back the Add/Edit Conveyances window. The graph in this window should be updated to match the one just created.

For this tutorial we won’t worry about inputting information on the Parallel tab page. This page is reserved for inputting parallel flow paths. It will be covered under more advanced topics.

Click on the save (green plus) icon to add the conveyance information to the spreadsheet. Conveyance 1 is finished.

Input the rest of the conveyances in the same manner until you have a spreadsheet that looks like the one below:



Now that all the Node and Conveyance data has been input, it is time to view the outline to verify the connections are correct, and then you will proceed to the calculations.

8. Sorting

From the Tools Menu, Click  Sort. This will internally arrange the pipe connections. Clicking on the Outline tab found on the Results form, at the bottom of the screen, will display the outline of the connections.

Notice that both inlets lead to the manhole 1, which is connected to manhole 2. The flow finally leaves the system at discharge 1. This outline describes the exact situation that occurs in the street diagram. Having checked the setup, it is time to calculate the project.

9. Calculating

A single click on the Full Calculation (red arrows) button in the Toolbar will bring up the Calculation Parameters screen.

Notice that the current jurisdiction file is noted as well as Calculation Control Parameters. The values currently listed are the default settings and will be adequate for computing this tutorial, with one exception: you should disable the “Enable Diversions” setting for this computation since you haven’t defined any diversions. If you leave this setting on the program will run the calculation algorithms for diversion enabled projects which take longer to compute and require more iterations. As you become a more advance user, changing these parameters will become critical to making accurate calculations. Press the Save Parameters button to continue with the calculations.

The status bar at the bottom of the screen will fill with a red bar, and then it will disappear, and the calculations are finished. Highlight the Node Results tab at the bottom of the screen and the computation results at the nodes will be displayed. At the top of the results form a box should be displayed which reads “Convergence Obtained”… indicating that the calculation do not require additional iterations.

10. Summary Table

The results of the calculations can be viewed under the Summary Table tab as well. Using this view a more complete description of the computation results is displayed.

The large Print button will print out the Summary Table page. The printer button in the Toolbar and the Print option in the menu will print a report containing information from as many of the results pages as you select.

Before you finish with this tutorial, remember to save the file. From the File Menu, click  Save As Project.

Type in Tut1 under File name and press OK.

The file is now saved for later use and editing. You may notice that the file names located in the status bar have also been changed to reflect the new file name.

Input 12 inches in the Conveyance Size box. The default value for ‘n’ is .015 which is the ‘n’ value designated in the tutorial diagram. To change the ‘n’ value simply click on the block and type in the new value.

 Back to Top

TUTORIAL 2 - EDITING INPUTTING AND PRINTING

The second tutorial consists of a local street system which outlets into an open channel. Inputting and running the analysis for the simple drainage system diagrammed below will teach you the basics of inputting data. The same methods are used for large drainage systems, and with practice you will get much faster at inputting the data and interpreting the results.

In the street sections diagram, nodes are represented by manholes and drainage inlet symbols and the conveyances connecting them are represented by pipes, the same as the first tutorial. Each node is given a set of values to be input in the program. The descriptive values for the pipes are the length and size given in boats and above the pipe. The value in the boat is the pipe diameter in inches, while the number above is the length of the pipe in feet. Although each node is numbered, the order in which you enter them into the program is irrelevant.

The objective of the second tutorial is to refresh you on inputting data and developing a drainage system that will expel the flow away from the street. This tutorial incorporates an open flow channel that drains from the existing node 5 to a free discharge at node 6.

        1.    Open CS Drainage Studio

        2.    From the File Menu, Click Þ Open Project

        3.    From the Open CS Drainage Project window,

Click Þ Tut1.cds

Adjust the spreadsheets to fit your screen or preference. These settings should have been automatically recalled after you previously saved the program.

Since the jurisdiction was defined for the project file Tut1, there is no need to open the jurisdiction editor unless changes need to be made. However, since you are new to CS Drainage, let’s change the jurisdiction file to P400-10.JUR for a refresher.

First, open the Jurisdiction File Editor either through the Edit Menu or the Flag icon.

From this window, click on the open file icon to select the desired jurisdiction file from the list.

Click OK to close the Jurisdiction File window, and upon returning to the File Editor, click on the red X to save the jurisdiction P400-10.JUR as the current setting.

The portion of open channel, attaching node five to node six, is the major change from Tutorial 1. In order to add the channel as a conveyance, you must change node five from a manhole to a pipe discharge.

Double click on Manhole 3 from the Node and Conveyance Spreadsheet to get to the Add/Edit a Node Element window.

Since the node is no longer a manhole, change the name to Discharge 1 and move the Node Type to Pipe Outlet.

A pipe discharge, unlike the manhole, has an exit loss coefficient which effectively takes into account the loss of flow energy as the flow discharges from the pipe. Moving to the Loss Parameters tab, change the node friction type to Exit Loss and follow this by changing the 1 located in the loss coefficient bar to a .5. It should look something like this:

Click on the green plus to save the node data.

From the diagram, an open channel conveyance connects the pipe outlet to a free discharge node. Before you can add the new conveyance, however, be sure to input the Free Discharge node. Input the data, using the add/edit a node element, and name the node Fdischarge 1. The node type should be inputted as free discharge rather than a pipe outlet. A completed node spreadsheet will include these new additions.

The next step is to add the appropriate conveyance under the Add/Edit Conveyance Facility Parameter editor which can be brought up by double clicking on the convey row.

Adjust the upstream and downstream nodes as in the window above. Then press the Reset button to change the Conveyance name. The last thing to input on this GenInfo tab, is the conveyance type, which should read as trapezoidal rather than the pipe default.

Move to the Section tab of the editor.

At this junction, you will need to define the parameter of the trapezoidal open channel that is being used. The Conveyance Z value is demonstrated geometrically by the picture. The Z value corresponds to the X-value in the slope of the sides of the channel. Keep in mind, as shown in picture, that the Y-value of the slope is always 1. As an example, the slope of the side could be 1.5. The corresponding Z value that you would input is .66. According to the street diagram, the Z value is 2.

The basewidth relates to the conveyance size. Since the conveyance is no longer a pipe and therefore doesn’t have a diameter, the basewidth is the number inputted for the conveyance size. After inputting 10 feet, as directed by the street diagram, then move on to the Profile tab.

The next step is to add the appropriate conveyance under the Add/Edit Conveyance Facility Parameter editor which can be brought up by double clicking on the convey row.

Adjust the upstream and downstream nodes as in the window above. Then press the Reset button to change the Conveyance name. The last thing to input on this GenInfo tab, is the conveyance type, which should read as trapezoidal rather than the pipe default.

Move to the Section tab of the editor.

At this junction, you will need to define the parameter of the trapezoidal open channel that is being used. The Conveyance Z value is demonstrated geometrically by the picture. The Z value corresponds to the X-value in the slope of the sides of the channel. Keep in mind, as shown in picture, that the Y-value of the slope is always 1. As an example, the slope of the side could be 1.5. The corresponding Z value that you would input is .66. According to the street diagram, the Z value is 2.

The basewidth relates to the conveyance size. Since the conveyance is no longer a pipe and therefore doesn’t have a diameter, the basewidth is the number inputted for the conveyance size. After inputting 10 feet, as directed by the street diagram, then move on to the Profile tab.

Under the Profile window, type in the flow elevations for the two stations which are separated by 400 feet. A complete Profile should appear like the one below:

You have now finished creating this conveyance, so press the green plus button to save your data and return to the main window.

The completed spreadsheet should have all five nodes with their corresponding data.

Once all the data from the street diagram has been inputted and your spreadsheets, both node and conveyance, match the ones in the tutorial, press the full calculations button.

After a few seconds the calculations will cease and you can move to the Summary Table which is located on the Results Printout Information spreadsheet.

Feel free to print the results of the table by pressing the Print button.

If you would like a printed view of the calculations and inputted data, choose the print command from the File menu of use the print icon in the toolbar.

Go to Save As Project, located in the File Menu, and save this project as Tut2.prj.

Having completed this, the task has been accomplished and you may exit the program through the file menu.

CLOSE

Hopefully these first two tutorials have given you a glimpse of the power and ease with which drainage problems can be solved using CS Drainage Studio. The rest of the tutorials, located in Volume 5, will continue to demonstrate more advanced features inherent in CS Drainage.

TUTORIAL 3 - SIMPLE TIME DEPENDANT METHODS

Having familiarized yourself with the CS Drainage Studio layout and completed the first two tutorials located in Volume I, you are now ready for the advanced topics that include parallel conveyances, diversions, and complete 10yr. and 100yr. system analysis. These tutorials have been designed to simulate real world design scenarios. If time is an issue, look through the contents and pick out the tutorials that are applicable to your projects; however, the tutorials follow a logical progression, each building on the details of the previous. As a result, it is strongly recommended that you read through all the tutorials to get to the final advanced steps.

TUTORIAL 4 - CULVERTS

TUTORIAL 5 - PARALLEL CONVEYANCES

One of the advantages that CS Drainage Studio has over other hydraulic and hydrology software programs is the ability to analyze and balance parallel conveyances. The program can deftly calculate complicated systems with an unlimited number of pipes, overland releases and more. In addition, the program is user friendly, making your job easy. Input is straight forward and modeling is flexible to fit the needs of the most demanding developments.

The Parallel Conveyance Tutorials have been constructed with emphasis on three important facets that include multiple and dual culverts, overland release at street level, and overland release for parking areas.

The sample system presented on the previous page is an extension of the system that you had been working with in Tutorials 1 and 2. Notice the similarities in the layout of the pipes, but also be aware that the overall system has taken on the appearance of a development. The ultimate goal of CS Drainage Studio is to be able to analyze complex drainage systems. 

This plan will appear in some form throughout the next three lessons. Each topic will build a new aspect into CS Drainage, with this lesson concentrating on Parallel Conveyances.

There are three main instances when parallel conveyances occur. The first is when runoff requires the use of two side-by-side pipes, known as multiple pipe culverts. The second instance is for overland release using street conveyances for a large storm event. The last is for a large storm event analysis for parking areas.

Multiple Pipe Culverts

The need for side by side pipes exists when either larger pipes create extreme expenses or when a pipe must be downsized because of existing constraints in depth and cover. 

The premise of the program is able to connect a node to another with a single conveyance. A single node can connect to an unlimited number of upstream connections but that node can have only one downstream conveyance.

An easy way to understand the idea is to look at the program itself. When the Add/Edit a Conveyance Facility Parameter window is open observe that under the GenInfo tab, only one connection is made between the upstream node and a downstream node. Do not assume that a double pipe can be inputted by adding another conveyance with the same upstream and downstream node identifiers. This will generate an error! As an example, if you were to add two identical pipes to your system and attempted to organize your system you would get errors similar to the following:

    


The next error message is given when a system with two identical conveyances is attempting to be calculated. Note that it references the Error List tab which gives the same error message as when the organize command was used.

In addition to giving errors, the program will simply not work with two identical conveyances. The way around this is to use the parallel conveyance features to define these additional conveyances.

With only one connection or pipe between the two nodes, multiple culverts must be defined under Parallel Conveyances.

Inputting the System

In order to appreciate parallel conveyances, start this tutorial by inputting all the system data depicted on the Lesson B System. The jurisdiction file to be used is Roseville Peak 10-year storm: Soil D, found under the file “ROSEV10.jur.

System Information:



Proposed drain inlets are depicted by a solid square with a “drain inlet” call-out. Next to the callout is the node name. These names were arbitrarily given with the ‘S’ representing System. It is suggested that you use the same node names as given since all referenced figures to the tutorial will involve these particular node names. In your own endeavors, feel free to develop a pattern that is comfortable when naming the nodes because the printouts from CS Drainage Studio will refer to the node names. Identification is crucial to organizing and presenting the data received from CS Drainage Studio.

Underneath the node name is the grate elevation that is input as RIM/GRATE Elev. in the General Data tab under Add/Edit a Node Element (for review see tutorial 1). The next information is the flow line (FL) used in the Conveyance Profiles.

The next three entries are contributing area, overland release distance, and shallow channelized response distance respectively. These entries need to be inputted in the appropriate places in the Contributing Flow tab under Add/Edit a Node Element window. 

The manhole call-out has values for the Rim elevation and the various flow lines attributed to the entrance or exit of a specified pipe. The specified pipe will be denoted by the diameter of the pipe and on occasion, the direction from which the pipe emerges. 

Corresponding pipes can be seen by the diameter boats that appear above the pipe. In the example, a 24” diameter pipe is entering the manhole from the West. Boats do not always appear. If this is the case, then the pipe is a standard 12” diameter pipe as described in the legend of the entire system. Pipe lengths are given in linear feet (LF) and are printed next to the pipes.

The arrows with a numerical percentage, 2% for example, denote the slope of the street and is utilized when entering shallow concentrated channel calculations for response times. Please refer to Tutorial 3 (Lesson A) if you need a refresher on using the Overland and Channel Response Time Calculators. Manning ‘n’ values are provided for the overland and channelized (or shallow) portions are also provided in the lower left corner of the Lesson B system. 

When finished inputting the system, your CSDS Node window should contain 14 nodes and 13 conveyances.

After completing the input portion, calculate the results. The first time after calculation, the results convergence information window will state that convergence has not been reached.



Press the blue re-calculation button once more to obtain convergence. Convergence is not the perfect solution to a system. It simply means that your system is connected properly and the flows could be mathematically simulated within the tolerances you specified. For more information on interpreting the data and optimizing your system, look to Lesson D.

Save this project as LessonB.prj on your hard drive.

Adding a Second Pipe

The concentration of this lesson is multiple culverts and as such, assume that the system needs to have a parallel pipe connection from node S14A to S14B. They both need to be constricted so that each diameter is only 18” due to an imaginary depth conflict with an existing water line. 

Parallel conveyances may sound different and somewhat difficult, but inputting them is as simple as the main conveyance paths. Start by returning to the conveyance where the parallel is to be placed. For this example, go to the Convey Name, S14A to S15A. At the Add/Edit a Conveyance Facility Parameter window, move to the Parallel tab.



The four button at the bottom of the window access the parallel conveyance tools. Click on Add To List to add a new parallel to your list. Or if you already have parallels at this conveyance, you could highlight an existing parallel and press Edit Selected to edit your parallel conveyance or Delete Selected to remove the conveyance from the list of parallel conveyances. 

*Caution:
The delete function can only be undone by exiting out of the window with the red ‘X’ cancel button. Remember that this procedure also cancels all other data entry that may have occurred in the editing of the current conveyance. 

Click on  Add To List

This will bring up a window that appears the same as the normal conveyance. Set to the Section tab. In order to distinguish where you are, look to the upper left corner where the words Edit Parallel Conveyance are printed. 

As per specifications, change the Conveyance Size to 18 inches. Moving to the GenInfo tab, you will notice that none of the info can be changed except for the Notes at the bottom.



The Gen Info window show the upstream and downstream node connections and acts as a reminder of the conveyance that you are editing. 

The next step is to change the Profile. 

The two 18” pipes are going to be side-by side which means that they both will have the same flow line elevations at the upstream and downstream ends. 






Input the same data as you did for the original pipe profile for the conveyance from S14A to S15A. When the profile is complete, save your data and return to the main Add/Edit a Conveyance window. Notice that you have now created 1 pipe parallel conveyance from S14A to S15A as written in the Parallel Conveyance List. 



Before exiting out of the conveyance, be sure to change the pipe diameter of the current pipe from 36 to 18 inches.

Note: Two 18” diameter pipes with equivalent ‘n’ values are NOT hydraulically equivalent to a single 36” diameter pipe with similar properties. 

Once back at the main window, perform a full calculation. Click on the Summary Table tab and observe the conveyance that you just changed. The system is not converged, so iterate your calculations until convergence has been reached.

There are now two lines designated for S15A downstream and S14A upstream nodes on the “Summary Table” page of the results. The first line contains the computed results for the main conveyance path such as contributing area, response time, and flow generated by those values. Starting at size, both lines take on values for each specific pipe. The main pipe is the top line while the parallel pipe is the second line.

Convergence Information:

Original and Parallel Pipe Information (Respectively):

Utilizing the Channel cross section input window will allow you to create your own open channel conveyance as well as topped channel conveyances. In order to make the conveyance, you must define at least 3 points. The maximum number of points is 100 but seldom are so many points required.

The standard method of dealing with street conveyances does not involve developing your own conveyance cross section each time, which can be extremely time consuming. Instead, click on Get Channel Section From File and select Natskin.chn.



Once open, your screen should show the cross-sectional graph of Natskin.chn.

The correct window will show the following cross section.



Notice that the points are predefined and that the general shape is that of a street with the curb at distances 50 and 100, centerline at 75 and the an overland slope leading to the curb on both sides. Of course you could redraw this cross section each time and manipulate it to serve your needs, but for most cases, you will create standard channel shapes and save them to a file, using them over and over again. The street section provided was used in North Natomas analysis of proposed residential streets.

Take a close look at the Distance to Reference Point box in the lower right corner. This indicates that the reference point is located at 50 feet or according to the graph, exactly at the flow line of the curb. The lowest point in the cross section of the channel should always be used for this value. Note also that cross sections (and profiles) always start at X-coordinate = 0.

The importance of the reference point placed at 50 permits the channel profile to match up with the elevation at the bottom of the curb. For this particular system, it matches up with the drain inlet grate elevations. Matching the bottom of the curb to the flow line elevation correctly models the open channel to your street.




Modeling street conveyances as parallels along manhole to manhole connections was previously mentioned. However, when inputting the conveyance profiles of these parallels, it might be more appropriate to use the gutter flow line elevations adjacent to their respective manholes as your profile points since that will be the natural path of the water in the street.

The current conveyance, S12A to S13A starts with a RIM elevation of 218.79. This first value in the profile corresponds with the manhole. If the drain inlets are staggered, choose the drain inlet closest and perpendicular to the manhole. The first profile station should be simple.

The second station is a bit more difficult to define. A basic method is to take the conveyance to the next drain inlet elevation, S13B. When finished, your window should match the tutorial.



Save the input for this conveyance and move on to S10A to S13A. Utilize the same technique as the previous parallel and then continue to the next conveyance, S13A to S14A.

The approach to this parallel is slightly different. One method is to take the elevations from S13B to the centerline of the street (calculated from manhole and 2% side slope for the street) and then on to the drain inlet S14. 



Notice the high point (centerline) between the two inlets above.

The parallel from S14A to S15A looks straight forward but remember to input the flow line at S15A which is not 211.90 but rather 211.50 from interpolation. After inputting the corresponding data treat S15A to S15B as a street parallel in this analysis. Generally drain inlets are not associated with parallel but in cases such as this (when the main flow of water proceeds through a drain) it makes sense to create a parallel. Lastly, input a parallel for the connection between S15B and S16 which is overland. A typical way of modeling this conveyance is to start at the drain and include the curb and path in the profile. Look to the next profile to clear up any confusion.



Change your jurisdiction file to ROSEV100.jur which is an appropriate 100 year storm event.

After a few calculations your summary table should have reached convergence.

Use your general knowledge of cross-section entry to fill the blanks with the appropriate data from the diagrams and charts. The shape should be an identical match but the values do not have to be in the same place. Remember that the reference point for the duration of the tutorial will be at the centerline.

Note: As long as the reference point is picked at the low point, it won’t matter if the cross-section contains negative values.

Once your diagram matches the figure in shape, save the channel section as leftind.chn, representing the portion of the parking area with a left indent.

Save that conveyance and move to convey 2. It’s your option to rename the nodes but for this simple tutorial it adds to the time necessary to finish without adding any constructive help.

Proceed to the cross-section editor and manipulate the next portion so it portrays a section across the entire parking lot. The first input will once again be the top of the curb modeled as point (0,0) since it makes the numbers easy to work with. The second data input is the bottom of the curb and the third is the centerline. When you have finished inputting all five data points your cross-section should appear symmetric. The reference point remains the centerline, but will shift to distance 31 feet in this section.

Save this section as standard.chn after pressing Save Channel Section to File. 

As seen in the diagram, there are three remaining types of sections to construct. The first is a parking section where the curb indents on the right side and following the nomenclature this section file should be saved as rightind.chn. The next is a thin section with both a left and right indent which can be saved as fullind.chn for easy reference. If you are following the input method described in this tutorial, your cross-sections for these files should match those provided.

Now that sections have been created for conveys one through four, note that convey five has a left indent section. Since this section has already been constructed, simply get the channel section file while editing the conveyance. Convey six is similar in that it uses standard.chn which has already been made. Pulling these files from the hard drive is time effective and can significantly reduce the time necessary to analyzed more complex composite channels that have more developed cross-sections.

The last convey, number seven, is narrow and must be input. A simple procedure by now, add data points so yours matched this tutorial.

This section is very similar to standard.chn, but more centralized. Name this file center.chn and then save the conveyance.

With the difficult task finished, go to the main Node spreadsheet and fill in the grate elevations for each node. The slope of the parking area is 1.0% and the distance between nodes (same as conveyance length) are given in a table. Calculate the values for elevation by hand, calculator, or computing device and type the largest value for node 1 decreasing till node 8 has 0 elevation height. 

The last step to model the parking area is to define the conveys and provide the conveyances with profiles. The profile input should be simple since the station heights correspond to the node grates and the distance is the length between nodes. Check your Convey spreadsheet with the one provided.

The parking area has now been modeled, but as yet, no flows can be calculated. The development of the parking area has led to succession of conveyances running the entire length without any contributing areas or alternate systems. Many different circumstances could change this procedure if it were to be used in a real situation. Contributing flow could be integrated by either changing a manhole to a drain inlet or connecting the upstream node(node1) to an existing system that had flow. The parking conveyances could also be used like a parallel conveyance for overland release. Instead of adding a parallel to an existing conveyance, insert the parking area as an additional. Since the nodes are defined only for the conveyances just made, they won’t conflict with any underground manholes or inlets.

Quick and Dirty vs. Accuracy

Another way to model the parking area would be to use a triangular channel with a 1.0% (100:1) side slope the length of the parking lot. This would only be a more general approximation of the flow but is quicker and simpler than constructing a composite open channel. However, this channel would not model the converging flow where the parking islands encroach. Most cases will yield almost identical results as when a constructed composite channel was computed.

Advantages for making a composite open channel for parking areas exists when there are any changes in the ‘n’ value and where using a standard channel shape would be inadequate to properly show the conveyance.

Closing Comments

Parallel conveyances and multiple pipe culverts are essential in developing an accurate model for large storm events. They dictate where the flow will go above ground and are key in determining flood depths. Hopefully these tutorials on overland release modeling will help you utilize these features of CS Drainage Studio to their fullest capacity.

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TUTORIAL 6 - SIMPLE DIVERSIONS

Part A: Types of Diversions (10 Minutes)

The diversions referenced in the tutorial section must be applied to the nodes themselves. Diversions act to monitor and proportion the amount of flow contributing to each node and diverting to other nodes.

As runoff is collected it proceeds overland and through channelized responses following a path towards an inlet into the system. At that inlet the water would follow one or both flow paths. The first path allows the water through grates and curb openings and into the inlet and drainage systems. The second path will bypass the inlet with all or a portion of the flow. In the most general case, all the water enters the inlet. In instances where not all the water can enter the inlet, the bypassing flow will continue to the next node. This process is called a “bypass diversion.” 




The flow may sometimes pass by the inlet but is curbed by excessively high street slopes so the flow must settle around the original inlet. This is referred to as a sag diversion. 

Sag diversions provide interesting analysis assuming that all flow up to a certain depth will enter the inlet and that all flows above that depth will be diverted such as when the height of the street and the top of curb are taken into account. As the water pools around the drain inlet the water level increases adding to the amount of flow entering the inlet. Part of the input needed to properly analyze a sag diversion are the heights of the street overtopping locations relative to the rim elevation because the rising water, once over the street height would flow on to the next inlet. This reaction is termed a partial sag diversion because it initially allows the water to pool until a specified depth, then excess water is released as a bypass to the next inlet once the depth is exceeded. More on this topic is covered in Tutorial 8, Sag and Sump Inlets.





Critical in flow analysis and flood forecasting, diversions are complex but worthwhile features to incorporate in your analysis.

Application

Open LessonB.prj from the file menu. In addition, pull out a copy of the Lesson B Sample System diagram which is page three in the set of diagrams.

Notice that the street sections leading up to inlets 12 and 10 are not marked, so for the purpose of learning diversions, move on to inlet 13B. A 1% slope occurs on one side of the inlet and a 2% slope on the other. By sight, this inlet will be a Sag. Upon further examination, the height required to flow to the next inlet would be the centerline of the street since the inlets 12B and 10C have a much higher elevation. Instances such as this are an example of a Sump Inlet. Partial Sag Inlets occur when the flow could go to another inlet on the same side or could cross the centerline to another inlet.

In order to input this information, click on the S13B node from the main Node spreadsheet window. Press the Flow Diversion tab that is located in the lower right corner of the Add/Edit a Node Element Window.



The first step is to find out which inlet would S13B divert to if it would overflow. Earlier a distinction was made between Sump and Partial Sag by the ability to overflow beyond the street overtopping height. That statement is still true but there is a fine line defining the two. Partial Sags only apply when the height they must top is less than the maximum depth specified. The software automatically determines if you have a sag or partial sag inlet. 

The pull-down menu next to Divert Discharge to Node is for any type of diversion and must be filled in with a node to continue. In the case of a Sump it represents the case where extremely high water levels exist and you must decide where the water would go. Looking at the Lesson B Sample System, the water will tend to divert to inlet S14C because excess flow will move towards the side with the 1% slope and cross the centerline closer to S14C.

Click on the Divert Discharge to Node list box and scroll down until you stop on S14C.

The Flow Diversion Rating Curve Editor works much like the Composite Open Channel Editor which you worked with in Lesson B. The more time intensive option is to make your own curve with data points each time that can be loaded and saved as typical data representative of your project.

The editor uses data points that can be manipulated from the buttons underneath the table allowing you to Add, Edit, and Delete. Prior to making your own curve, you must choose which kind of diversion this will become and select it from the choices.



Your choices are between sag diversions or bypass. The lowest box, Slope of Inlet Grate allows you to input the slope of the street that leads right up to and beyond the inlet for bypass diversions only. In most cases, the street slope is appropriate but in cases where the inlet is recessed it can sometimes be more accurate to give the slope of the recess rather than street leading to the inlet.

Note: The option to chose Normal Diversion (HGL Based) is misleading. In a previous version of this software it was used to allow diversions within drainage systems. This feature will not work with the current version of the software. A totally new method for calculating internal diversions will appear in future versions of CS Drainage Studio. The remaining options, Sag and Bypass Diversions are surface diversions only.

Once the type of diversion is chosen, you can open the data point editor by clicking on Add.

The Depth box in the Flow Diversion Stage-Discharge editor is made to input the depth at which the flow in cfs is accumulating at the inlet. The second box is where the representative flow value can be input. 

Input the following data to see the resulting curve.

When completed the Sag Diversion curve should appear in the graph window, but if it does not simply press the Graph button. 

The method for saving your curve is the same as a composite channel. Click on Save Channel to File and the save window will appear. Any diversion you save will have the extension *.dv1. Feel free to save this example with any file name or delete the diversion.

Part B: Bypass Flow Inlets (10 Minutes)

The more common way to obtain your grate capacity curves is from a file using Get Channel From File which allows you to utilize a pre-made diversion curve appropriate to your project.

Open the file labeled By2x310. While the names may appear confusing, all the diversion files provided with the software have been named for ease of use. The file that you just opened tells you that it is a pre-made bypass diversion for a drain inlet that has a 2ft. by 3ft. grate opening and has a 1.0% slope across the inlet. 

Slope Examples

When viewing an inlet from a plan and profile print check the inlet profile first to see whether a drop occurs from street level or if it is flush. If a drop exists, use that slope as the Slope of the Inlet Grate located in the bottom right corner. That value can be changed at any time to reflect your data.

Note: You should verify whether the inlet capacity curves being used take the recessed inlet grates into account. If they do the street slope should be used for the bypass.

If the inlet is flush with the street take the slope of the street leading up to the inlet. For example, a 2% slope changes to a 1% slope ten feet before the inlet. Use the 1% slope.

In instances where two slopes are going to a bypass diversion an average of the two can be used if the grade break occurs close to the grate location within the flow transition. It may be preferable to assume that the flow transition has occurred and use the slope at the inlet location. Caution should be used because most times when two slopes come together the diversion is a sag rather than a bypass and they do not use slope in their calculations.

Part C: Sag and Sump Inlets (10 Minutes)

For the example Sump diversion at S13B, a sag file would be more appropriate that a bypass. When you click on Get Channel From File again your options for sag diversions are much smaller. This is because slopes don’t matter for these sag diversions where in the case of bypass it can make significant differences. 



The first sag diversion, Rssag, is a sag for a City of Roseville standard type B inlet. The other files are sag curves for other agencies. 

You can make and save diversion curves for specific agency regulations and Civil Solutions keeps a database of available files which you can add to and download from our website. Downloadable upgrades for diversions are available at the website www.civilsolutions.com.

Since LessonB.prj is assumed to be a City of Roseville jurisdiction project, choose Rssag as the diversion.

Save this node and proceed to the next diversion at either S14C or S14B. Both of them are bypass and can be modeled with a 2% slope. These inlets diverge to S15B which can be seen by following the path of the water. The last node with a diversion is S15B which is a sump and can use the same diversion file at S13B.

Partial Sags are not apparent in the system but they are common in other residential and commercial developments. If you were to model the partial sag, use one of the standard sag files available, just as you did for the sump nodes S13B and S15B. Then determine the maximum height with which the water would overtop the sag. When the value is less than 1 foot then click on each individual depth point and click delete.

After doing this multiple times until the largest depth value is the height required to pass over the sag then you have completed the partial sag diversion. 

Note: You may have to click on Sag Grate Diversion Type and then press the Graph button before the diversion will appear in the graph window.

Return node S13B to its correct sump diversion information. This can be done by reinstating the Rssag file from Get Channel From File.

There is no noticeable change to the Node spreadsheet after inputting all the diversion types. There will be significant changes, however, when the system is calculated. Press the full calculation button and the Global Parameters window appears.



Indicate that you want diversions to be part of the calculations by clicking on the empty box next to Enable Diversions in the upper right corner. Then press on the Save Parameters button. Pressing the single iteration button five or six times after the first calculation should bring the system to convergence.

Diversions will only be computed when diversions are enabled. When this is done the information will be displayed on the Diversion Summary which is the last tab on the Results Printout Information spreadsheet.

The information that can be interpreted from the Diversion Summary is that the diversion did not greatly affect the flow of the system. The added Q values were low and depth at the inlets did not show more than .36 feet. This depth might be satisfactory at most locations but would definitely show an encroachment into the travel way.

Closing Comments

Diversions affect the analysis of a completed system. They can create the need to change entire systems if bypasses are significant or if the water pools too high and encroaches into the roadways. Diversion calculations may also show a need for gallery inlets or supplemental inlets. Diversions are crucial to the non-visual aspect of CS Drainage and are powerful tools in meeting government guidelines. For high flow events it may be preferable to disable diversion when computing the system with parallel flow since this will force all runoff to enter the system at the upstream inlet locations.

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TUTORIALS 7-11 are under construction, sorry for the inconvenience.